National Mass Drug Administration Costs for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination
Identifieur interne : 007182 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 007181; suivant : 007183National Mass Drug Administration Costs for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination
Auteurs : Ann S. Goldman [États-Unis] ; Victoria H. Guisinger [États-Unis] ; Moses Aikins [Ghana] ; Maria Lourdes E. Amarillo ; Vicente Y. Belizario ; Bertha Garshong [Ghana] ; John Gyapong [Ghana] ; Conrad Kabali [Tanzanie] ; Hussein A. Kamal [Égypte] ; Sanjat Kanjilal [États-Unis] ; Dominique Kyelem [Burkina Faso] ; Jefrey Lizardo [République dominicaine] ; Mwele Malecela [Tanzanie] ; Godfrey Mubyazi [Tanzanie] ; P. Abdoulaye Nitièma [Burkina Faso] ; Reda M. R. Ramzy [Égypte] ; Thomas G. Streit [États-Unis] ; Aaron Wallace [États-Unis] ; Molly A. Brady [États-Unis] ; Richard Rheingans [États-Unis] ; Eric A. Ottesen [États-Unis] ; Anne C. Haddix [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2007.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Albendazole (usage thérapeutique), Albendazole (économie), Antihelminthiques (usage thérapeutique), Antihelminthiques (économie), Burkina (épidémiologie), Coûts et analyse des coûts, Diéthylcarbamazine (usage thérapeutique), Diéthylcarbamazine (économie), Filariose lymphatique (), Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux), Ghana (épidémiologie), Haïti (épidémiologie), Humains, Philippines (épidémiologie), République dominicaine (épidémiologie), Tanzanie (épidémiologie), Traitement médicamenteux (), Traitement médicamenteux (économie), Égypte (épidémiologie), Éléphantiasis (), Éléphantiasis (traitement médicamenteux), Équipe soignante.
- MESH :
- traitement médicamenteux : Filariose lymphatique, Éléphantiasis.
- usage thérapeutique : Albendazole, Antihelminthiques, Diéthylcarbamazine.
- économie : Albendazole, Antihelminthiques, Diéthylcarbamazine, Traitement médicamenteux.
- épidémiologie : Burkina, Ghana, Haïti, Philippines, République dominicaine, Tanzanie, Égypte.
- Coûts et analyse des coûts, Filariose lymphatique, Humains, Traitement médicamenteux, Éléphantiasis, Équipe soignante.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Burkina Faso, République dominicaine, Égypte, Ghana, Haïti, Philippines.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Albendazole (economics), Albendazole (therapeutic use), Anthelmintics (economics), Anthelmintics (therapeutic use), Burkina Faso (epidemiology), Costs and Cost Analysis, Diethylcarbamazine (economics), Diethylcarbamazine (therapeutic use), Dominican Republic (epidemiology), Drug Therapy (economics), Drug Therapy (methods), Egypt (epidemiology), Elephantiasis (drug therapy), Elephantiasis (prevention & control), Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy), Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control), Ghana (epidemiology), Haiti (epidemiology), Humans, Patient Care Team, Philippines (epidemiology), Tanzania (epidemiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , economics : Albendazole, Anthelmintics, Diethylcarbamazine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Albendazole, Anthelmintics, Diethylcarbamazine.
- geographic , epidemiology : Burkina Faso, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, Philippines, Tanzania.
- drug therapy : Elephantiasis, Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- economics : Drug Therapy.
- methods : Drug Therapy.
- prevention & control : Elephantiasis, Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Patient Care Team.
Abstract
Because lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination efforts are hampered by a dearth of economic information about the cost of mass drug administration (MDA) programs (using either albendazole with diethylcarbamazine [DEC] or albendazole with ivermectin), a multicenter study was undertaken to determine the costs of MDA programs to interrupt transmission of infection with LF. Such results are particularly important because LF programs have the necessary diagnostic and treatment tools to eliminate the disease as a public health problem globally, and already by 2006, the Global Programme to Eliminate LF had initiated treatment programs covering over 400 million of the 1.3 billion people at risk.
To obtain annual costs to carry out the MDA strategy, researchers from seven countries developed and followed a common cost analysis protocol designed to estimate 1) the total annual cost of the LF program, 2) the average cost per person treated, and 3) the relative contributions of the endemic countries and the external partners. Costs per person treated ranged from $0.06 to $2.23. Principal reasons for the variation were 1) the age (newness) of the MDA program, 2) the use of volunteers, and 3) the size of the population treated. Substantial contributions by governments were documented – generally 60%–90% of program operation costs, excluding costs of donated medications.
MDA for LF elimination is comparatively inexpensive in relation to most other public health programs. Governments and communities make the predominant financial contributions to actual MDA implementation, not counting the cost of the drugs themselves. The results highlight the impact of the use of volunteers on program costs and provide specific cost data for 7 different countries that can be used as a basis both for modifying current programs and for developing new ones.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000067
PubMed: 17989784
PubMed Central: 2041814
Affiliations:
- Burkina Faso, Ghana, République dominicaine, Tanzanie, Égypte, États-Unis
- Géorgie (États-Unis), Indiana, Région du Grand Accra
- Accra
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Le document en format XML
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Goldman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>DC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guisinger, Victoria H" sort="Guisinger, Victoria H" uniqKey="Guisinger V" first="Victoria H." last="Guisinger">Victoria H. Guisinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aikins, Moses" sort="Aikins, Moses" uniqKey="Aikins M" first="Moses" last="Aikins">Moses Aikins</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amarillo, Maria Lourdes E" sort="Amarillo, Maria Lourdes E" uniqKey="Amarillo M" first="Maria Lourdes E." last="Amarillo">Maria Lourdes E. Amarillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, The Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">The Philippines</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belizario, Vicente Y" sort="Belizario, Vicente Y" uniqKey="Belizario V" first="Vicente Y." last="Belizario">Vicente Y. Belizario</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, The Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">The Philippines</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garshong, Bertha" sort="Garshong, Bertha" uniqKey="Garshong B" first="Bertha" last="Garshong">Bertha Garshong</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, John" sort="Gyapong, John" uniqKey="Gyapong J" first="John" last="Gyapong">John Gyapong</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Research Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabali, Conrad" sort="Kabali, Conrad" uniqKey="Kabali C" first="Conrad" last="Kabali">Conrad Kabali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamal, Hussein A" sort="Kamal, Hussein A" uniqKey="Kamal H" first="Hussein A." last="Kamal">Hussein A. Kamal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Ministry of Health & Population, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health & Population, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanjilal, Sanjat" sort="Kanjilal, Sanjat" uniqKey="Kanjilal S" first="Sanjat" last="Kanjilal">Sanjat Kanjilal</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyelem, Dominique" sort="Kyelem, Dominique" uniqKey="Kyelem D" first="Dominique" last="Kyelem">Dominique Kyelem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lizardo, Jefrey" sort="Lizardo, Jefrey" uniqKey="Lizardo J" first="Jefrey" last="Lizardo">Jefrey Lizardo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Center for Social Management, Technological Institute of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République dominicaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Social Management, Technological Institute of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santo Domingo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malecela, Mwele" sort="Malecela, Mwele" uniqKey="Malecela M" first="Mwele" last="Malecela">Mwele Malecela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mubyazi, Godfrey" sort="Mubyazi, Godfrey" uniqKey="Mubyazi G" first="Godfrey" last="Mubyazi">Godfrey Mubyazi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nitiema, P Abdoulaye" sort="Nitiema, P Abdoulaye" uniqKey="Nitiema P" first="P. Abdoulaye" last="Nitièma">P. Abdoulaye Nitièma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Evaluation, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evaluation, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramzy, Reda M R" sort="Ramzy, Reda M R" uniqKey="Ramzy R" first="Reda M. R." last="Ramzy">Reda M. R. Ramzy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Research & Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Research & Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Streit, Thomas G" sort="Streit, Thomas G" uniqKey="Streit T" first="Thomas G." last="Streit">Thomas G. Streit</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Aaron" sort="Wallace, Aaron" uniqKey="Wallace A" first="Aaron" last="Wallace">Aaron Wallace</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A." last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rheingans, Richard" sort="Rheingans, Richard" uniqKey="Rheingans R" first="Richard" last="Rheingans">Richard Rheingans</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Eric A" sort="Ottesen, Eric A" uniqKey="Ottesen E" first="Eric A." last="Ottesen">Eric A. Ottesen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haddix, Anne C" sort="Haddix, Anne C" uniqKey="Haddix A" first="Anne C." last="Haddix">Anne C. Haddix</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Albendazole (economics)</term><term>Albendazole (therapeutic use)</term><term>Anthelmintics (economics)</term><term>Anthelmintics (therapeutic use)</term><term>Burkina Faso (epidemiology)</term><term>Costs and Cost Analysis</term><term>Diethylcarbamazine (economics)</term><term>Diethylcarbamazine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Dominican Republic (epidemiology)</term><term>Drug Therapy (economics)</term><term>Drug Therapy (methods)</term><term>Egypt (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis (drug therapy)</term><term>Elephantiasis (prevention & control)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control)</term><term>Ghana (epidemiology)</term><term>Haiti (epidemiology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Patient Care Team</term><term>Philippines (epidemiology)</term><term>Tanzania (epidemiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Albendazole (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Albendazole (économie)</term><term>Antihelminthiques (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Antihelminthiques (économie)</term><term>Burkina (épidémiologie)</term><term>Coûts et analyse des coûts</term><term>Diéthylcarbamazine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Diéthylcarbamazine (économie)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique ()</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Ghana (épidémiologie)</term><term>Haïti (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Philippines (épidémiologie)</term><term>République dominicaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Tanzanie (épidémiologie)</term><term>Traitement médicamenteux ()</term><term>Traitement médicamenteux (économie)</term><term>Égypte (épidémiologie)</term><term>Éléphantiasis ()</term><term>Éléphantiasis (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Équipe soignante</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="economics" xml:lang="en"><term>Albendazole</term><term>Anthelmintics</term><term>Diethylcarbamazine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Albendazole</term><term>Anthelmintics</term><term>Diethylcarbamazine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Burkina Faso</term><term>Dominican Republic</term><term>Egypt</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Haiti</term><term>Philippines</term><term>Tanzania</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="economics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Therapy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Therapy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Éléphantiasis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Albendazole</term><term>Antihelminthiques</term><term>Diéthylcarbamazine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="économie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Albendazole</term><term>Antihelminthiques</term><term>Diéthylcarbamazine</term><term>Traitement médicamenteux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Burkina</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Haïti</term><term>Philippines</term><term>République dominicaine</term><term>Tanzanie</term><term>Égypte</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Costs and Cost Analysis</term><term>Humans</term><term>Patient Care Team</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coûts et analyse des coûts</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Humains</term><term>Traitement médicamenteux</term><term>Éléphantiasis</term><term>Équipe soignante</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Burkina Faso</term><term>République dominicaine</term><term>Égypte</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Haïti</term><term>Philippines</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Because lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination efforts are hampered by a dearth of economic information about the cost of mass drug administration (MDA) programs (using either albendazole with diethylcarbamazine [DEC] or albendazole with ivermectin), a multicenter study was undertaken to determine the costs of MDA programs to interrupt transmission of infection with LF. Such results are particularly important because LF programs have the necessary diagnostic and treatment tools to eliminate the disease as a public health problem globally, and already by 2006, the Global Programme to Eliminate LF had initiated treatment programs covering over 400 million of the 1.3 billion people at risk.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>To obtain annual costs to carry out the MDA strategy, researchers from seven countries developed and followed a common cost analysis protocol designed to estimate 1) the total annual cost of the LF program, 2) the average cost per person treated, and 3) the relative contributions of the endemic countries and the external partners. Costs per person treated ranged from $0.06 to $2.23. Principal reasons for the variation were 1) the age (newness) of the MDA program, 2) the use of volunteers, and 3) the size of the population treated. Substantial contributions by governments were documented – generally 60%–90% of program operation costs, excluding costs of donated medications.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>MDA for LF elimination is comparatively inexpensive in relation to most other public health programs. Governments and communities make the predominant financial contributions to actual MDA implementation, not counting the cost of the drugs themselves. The results highlight the impact of the use of volunteers on program costs and provide specific cost data for 7 different countries that can be used as a basis both for modifying current programs and for developing new ones.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, K" uniqKey="Ramaiah K">K Ramaiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, P" uniqKey="Das P">P Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guyatt, H" uniqKey="Guyatt H">H Guyatt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, J" uniqKey="Gyapong J">J Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, M" uniqKey="Gyapong M">M Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, D" uniqKey="Evans D">D Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aikins, M" uniqKey="Aikins M">M 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sortKey="Rajendran, R" uniqKey="Rajendran R">R Rajendran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sunish, I" uniqKey="Sunish I">I Sunish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reuben, R" uniqKey="Reuben R">R Reuben</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Rochars, M" uniqKey="De Rochars M">M de Rochars</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanjilal, S" uniqKey="Kanjilal S">S Kanjilal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Direny, A" uniqKey="Direny A">A Direny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radday, J" uniqKey="Radday J">J Radday</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lafontant, J" uniqKey="Lafontant J">J Lafontant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mathieu, E" uniqKey="Mathieu E">E Mathieu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laxminarayan, R" uniqKey="Laxminarayan R">R Laxminarayan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Aj" uniqKey="Mills A">AJ Mills</name></author><author><name 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E." last="Amarillo">Maria Lourdes E. Amarillo</name><name sortKey="Belizario, Vicente Y" sort="Belizario, Vicente Y" uniqKey="Belizario V" first="Vicente Y." last="Belizario">Vicente Y. Belizario</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Goldman, Ann S" sort="Goldman, Ann S" uniqKey="Goldman A" first="Ann S." last="Goldman">Ann S. Goldman</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A." last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name><name sortKey="Guisinger, Victoria H" sort="Guisinger, Victoria H" uniqKey="Guisinger V" first="Victoria H." last="Guisinger">Victoria H. Guisinger</name><name sortKey="Haddix, Anne C" sort="Haddix, Anne C" uniqKey="Haddix A" first="Anne C." last="Haddix">Anne C. Haddix</name><name sortKey="Kanjilal, Sanjat" sort="Kanjilal, Sanjat" uniqKey="Kanjilal S" first="Sanjat" last="Kanjilal">Sanjat Kanjilal</name><name sortKey="Ottesen, Eric A" sort="Ottesen, Eric A" uniqKey="Ottesen E" first="Eric A." last="Ottesen">Eric A. Ottesen</name><name sortKey="Rheingans, Richard" sort="Rheingans, Richard" uniqKey="Rheingans R" first="Richard" last="Rheingans">Richard Rheingans</name><name sortKey="Streit, Thomas G" sort="Streit, Thomas G" uniqKey="Streit T" first="Thomas G." last="Streit">Thomas G. Streit</name><name sortKey="Wallace, Aaron" sort="Wallace, Aaron" uniqKey="Wallace A" first="Aaron" last="Wallace">Aaron Wallace</name></country><country name="Ghana"><region name="Région du Grand Accra"><name sortKey="Aikins, Moses" sort="Aikins, Moses" uniqKey="Aikins M" first="Moses" last="Aikins">Moses Aikins</name></region><name sortKey="Garshong, Bertha" sort="Garshong, Bertha" uniqKey="Garshong B" first="Bertha" last="Garshong">Bertha Garshong</name><name sortKey="Gyapong, John" sort="Gyapong, John" uniqKey="Gyapong J" first="John" last="Gyapong">John Gyapong</name></country><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kabali, Conrad" sort="Kabali, Conrad" uniqKey="Kabali C" first="Conrad" last="Kabali">Conrad Kabali</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Malecela, Mwele" sort="Malecela, Mwele" uniqKey="Malecela M" first="Mwele" last="Malecela">Mwele Malecela</name><name sortKey="Mubyazi, Godfrey" sort="Mubyazi, Godfrey" uniqKey="Mubyazi G" first="Godfrey" last="Mubyazi">Godfrey Mubyazi</name></country><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kamal, Hussein A" sort="Kamal, Hussein A" uniqKey="Kamal H" first="Hussein A." last="Kamal">Hussein A. Kamal</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ramzy, Reda M R" sort="Ramzy, Reda M R" uniqKey="Ramzy R" first="Reda M. R." last="Ramzy">Reda M. R. Ramzy</name></country><country name="Burkina Faso"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kyelem, Dominique" sort="Kyelem, Dominique" uniqKey="Kyelem D" first="Dominique" last="Kyelem">Dominique Kyelem</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Nitiema, P Abdoulaye" sort="Nitiema, P Abdoulaye" uniqKey="Nitiema P" first="P. Abdoulaye" last="Nitièma">P. Abdoulaye Nitièma</name></country><country name="République dominicaine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lizardo, Jefrey" sort="Lizardo, Jefrey" uniqKey="Lizardo J" first="Jefrey" last="Lizardo">Jefrey Lizardo</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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